Animals and Sound in the Sea

Effects of Sound

How do you determine if a sound affects a marine animal?

References
  • North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory (NPAL) Project/Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate Project web site
  • Au, W.W.L., Nachtigall, P. and Pawloski, J.L.. 1997. Acoustic effects of the ATOC signal (75 Hz, 195 dB) on dolphins and whales. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101(5):2973-2977. (5, 12)
  • Costa, D.P., Crocker, D.E., Gedamke, J., Webb, P.M., Houser, D.S., Blackwell, S.B., Waples, D., Hayes, S.A., and Le Boeuf, B. J. 2003. The effect of a low-frequency sound source (acoustic thermometry of the ocean climate) on the diving behavior of juvenile northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113(2):1155-1165. (8)
  • EPA. 1992. Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment. No. EPA/630/R-92/001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (1, 3)
  • EPA. 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. No. EPA/630/R095/002F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (2, 4)
  • Frankel, A.S., and Clark, C.W. 1998. Results of low-frequency playback of M-sequence noise to humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in Hawaii. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:521-535. (9)
  • Frankel, A.S., and Clark, C.W. 2000. Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to full-scale ATOC signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(4):1930-1937. (10)
  • Frankel, A.S., and Clark, C.W. 2002. ATOC and other factors affecting the distribution and abundance of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off the north shore of Kauai. Marine Mammal Science 18(3): 644-662. (7)
  • Klimley, A.P. and Beavers, S.C. 1998. Playback of acoustic thermometry of ocean climate (ATOC)-like signal to bony fishes to evaluate phonotaxis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104 (4):2506-2510. (11)
  • Mobley, J.R., Grotefendt, R.A., Forestell, P.H. and Frankel, A. 1999. Results of Aerial Surveys of Marine Mammals in the Major Hawaiian Islands (1993-1998): Report to the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate Marine Mammal Research Program (ATOC MMRP). Cornell University Bioacoustics Research Program, Ithaca, NY. (6)
  • Office of Naval Research. 2001. Final Environmental Impact Statement for the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory, May 2001. Office of Naval Research, Arlington.