Animals and Sound in the Sea

Effects of Sound

How do you measure a marine mammal's reaction to sound?

Tagging Studies: References
  • Burgess, W.C., Tyack, P.L., Le Boeuf, B.J. and Costa, D.P. 1998. A programmable acoustic recording tag and first results from free-ranging northern elephant seals. Deep-Sea Research II 45: 1327-1351. (2)
  • Johnson, M.P. and Tyack, P.L. 2003. A digital acoustic recording tag for measuring the response of wild marine mammals to sound. IEEE Journal of Ocean Engineering 28(1): 3-12. (3, 6, 8)
  • LeBoeuf, B. J. 1994. Variation in the Diving Pattern of Northern Elephant Seals with Age, Mass, Sex, and Reproductive Condition. Pp. 237-252. In B. J. LeBoeuf, and R. M. Laws, eds. Elephant Seals: Population Ecology, Behavior, and Physiology. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. (1)
  • Nowacek, D.P., Casper, B.M., Wells, R.S., Nowacek, S.M. and Mann, D.A. 2003. Intraspecific and geographic variation of West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus spp.) vocalizations (L). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114: 66-69. (4, 7)
  • Nowacek, D.P., Johnson, M.P., Tyack, P.L., Shorter, K., McLellan, W. and Pabst, D. 2001. Buoyant Balaenids: the ups and downs of buoyancy in right whales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 268: 1811-1816. (9)
  • Reid, J.P., Bonde, R.K. and O'Shea, T.J. 1995. Reproduction and mortality of radio-tagged and recognizable manatees on the Atlantic coast of Florida. In Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) (ed. T. J. O'Shea, B. B. Ackerman & H. F. Percival), pp. 171-191: National Biological Service, Information and Technical Report 1. (5)