Animals and Sound in the Sea

Effects of Sound

What are the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals?

Strandings: References
  • Crum, L.A., and Mao, Y. 1996. Acoustically enhanced bubble growth at low frequencies and its implications for human diver and marine mammal safety. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99(5): 2898-2907. (16)
  • Crum, L. A., Bailey, M. R., Guan, J., Hilmo, P. R., Kargl, S. G., Matula, T. J. and Sapozhnikov, O. A. 2005. Monitoring bubble growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects. Acoustics Research Letters Online 6(3): 214-220. (19)
  • D'Amico, A., and Verboom, W. eds. 1998. Summary Record and Report, SACLANTCEN Bioacoustics Panel, La Spezia, Italy, 15-17 June 1998. SACLANT Undersea Research Centre. Available at http://enterprise.spawar.navy.mil/nepa/whales/bioacoust.cfm. (4)
  • Evans, D.L., and England, G.R. 2001. Joint Interim Report Bahamas Marine Mammal Stranding Event 15-16 March 2000. Department of the Navy and Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, D.C. Available at http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/PR2/Health_and_Stranding_Response_Program/Interim_Bahamas_Report.pdf. (6)
  • Fernández, A., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Castro, P., Baker, J.R., Degollada, E., Ross, H.M., Herráez, P., Pocknell, A.M., Rodríguez, E., Howie, F.E., Espinosa, A., Reid, R.J., Jaber, J.R., Martin, V., Cunningham, A.A. and Jepson, P.D. 2004. Pathology: Whales, sonar and decompression sickness (reply). Nature 428(15 Apr 2004). (12)
  • Fernandez, A., Edwards, J. F., Rodriguez, F., Espinosa de los Monteros, A., Herraez, P., Castro, P., Jaber, J. R., Martin, V. and Arbelo, M. 2005. "Gas and fat embolic syndrome" involving a mass stranding of beaked whales (Family Ziphiidae) exposed to anthropogenic sonar signals. Veterinary Pathology 42: 446-457. (8, 11)
  • Finneran, J.J. 2003. Whole-lung resonance in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114(1): 529-535. (9)
  • Frantzis, A. 1998. Does acoustic testing strand whales? Nature 392(6671): 29. (5)
  • Houser, D.S., Howard, R. and Ridgway, S. 2001. Can diving-induced tissue nitrogen supersaturation increase the chance of acoustically driven bubble growth in marine mammals? Journal of Theoretical Biology 213(2): 183-195. (17)
  • Jepson, P.D., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Castro, P., Baker, J.R., Degollada, E., Ross, H.M., Herraez, P., Pocknell, A.M., Rodriguez, F., Howie, F.E., Espinosa, A., Reid, R.J., Jaber, J.R., Martin, V., Cunningham, A.A. and Fernandez, A. 2003. Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature 425(6958): 575-576. (7, 10)
  • Moore, M.J. and Early, G.A. 2004. Cumulative sperm whale bone damage and the bends. Science 306 (24 December 2004): 2215 (15)
  • National Marine Fisheries Service.  2000. Annual Report to Congress: 1999-2000 Administration of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries), Silver Spring, Maryland. 105 pp. Available at http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/readingrm/MMPAannual/1999_2000_mmparep.pdf (1, 2)
  • National Research Council. 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. (3, 14, 18, 20)
  • Piantadosi, C.A. and Thalmann, E.D. 2004. Pathology: Whales, sonar and decompression sickness. Nature 428(15 Apr 2004). (13)