Animals and Sound in the Sea

Effects of Sound

What are the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals?

Hearing Loss: References
  • Finneran, J.J., Schlundt, C.E., Carder, D.A., Clark, J.A., Young, J.A., Gaspin, J.B. and Ridgway, S.H. 2000. Auditory and behavioral responses of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) to impulsive sounds resembling distant signatures of underwater explosions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(1): 417-431. (9)
  • Finneran, J.J., Schlundt, C.E., Dear, R., Carder, D.A. and Ridgway, S.H. 2002. Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds in odontocetes after exposure to single underwater impulses from a seismic watergun. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111(6): 2929-2940. (10)
  • Kastak, D., Schusterman, R.J., Southall, B.L. and Reichmuth, C.J. 1999. Underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106(2): 1142-1148. (11)
  • Kryter, K.D. 1985. The effects of noise on man, 2nd ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. (3)
  • Nachtigall, P.E., Pawloski, J.L. and Au, W.W.L. 2003. Temporary threshold shifts and recovery following noise exposure in the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113(6): 3425-3429. (1, 7)
  • Nachtigall, P.E., Supin, A.Y., Pawloski, J. and Au, W.W.L. 2004. Temporary threshold shifts after noise exposure in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) measured using evoked auditory potentials. Marine Mammal Science 20(4): 673-687. (2, 8)
  • National Research Council. 2005. Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise: Determining when noise causes biologically significant effects. National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. (13, 14)
  • Scheifele, P.M. 1987. Hearing and acoustical behavior data from captive Beluga Whales at Mystic Marinelife Aquarium. NUSC T.R. 8730. (4)
  • Schlundt, C.E., Finneran, J.J., Carder, D.A. and Ridgway, S.H. 2000. Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, and white whale, Delphinapterus leucas, after exposure to intense tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107(6): 3496-3508. (6, 12)
  • White, M.J., Norris, J., Ljungblad, D., Baron, K. and Di Sciara, G. 1978. Auditory thresholds of two beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Hubbs/Sea World Research Institute and Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, California. Technical Report H/SWRI 78-109. (5)