Animals and Sound in the Sea Effects of Sound What are the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals? Masking: References Erbe, C. and Farmer, D. 1998. Masked hearing thresholds of a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) in icebreaker noise. Deep-Sea Research Part II 45(7): 1373-1388. (4) Foote, A.D., Osborne, R.W. and Hoelzel, A.R. 2004. Whale-call response to masking boat noise. Nature 428(29 April 2004): 910. (5) Lesage, V., Barrette, C., Kingsley, M.C.S. and Sjare, B. 1999. The effect of vessel noise on the vocal behavior of belugas in the St. Lawrence River Estuary, Canada. Marine Mammal Science 15(1): 65-84. (6) National Research Council. 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. (9) Richardson, W.J., Greene Jr., C.R., Malme, C.I. and Thomson, D.H. 1995. Marine Mammals and Noise. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. (1) Scheifele, P.M., Andrew, S., Cooper, R.A., Darre. M., Musiek, F.E., and Max, L. 2005. Indication of a Lombard vocal response in the St. Lawrence River beluga. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117(3): 1486-1492. (7, 8) Southall, B.L., Schusterman, R.J. and Kastak, D. 2000. Masking in three pinnipeds: Underwater, low-frequency critical ratios. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(3): 1322-1326. (3) Wenz, G. M. 1962. Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: Spectra and sources. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 34(12): 1936-1956. (2) Return to Previous Page