Animals and Sound in the Sea

Effects of Sound

What are the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals?

Behavioral Changes: References
  • Bowles, A.E., Smultea, M., Würsig, B., DeMaster, D.P. and Palka, D. 1994. Relative abundance and behavior of marine mammals exposed to transmissions from the Heard Island Feasibility Test. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96(4): 2469-2484. (3)
  • Deecke, V.B., Slater, P.J.B. and Ford, J.K.B. 2002. Selective habituation shapes acoustic predator recognition in harbour seals. Nature 420(Nov.14 2002): 171-173. (18)
  • Finley, K.J., Miller, G.W., Davis, R.A. and Greene, C.R. 1990. Reactions of belugas and narwhals to ice breaking ships in the Canadian high arctic. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 224: 97-117. (17)
  • Frankel, A.S. and Clark, C.W. 1998. Results of low-frequency playback of M-sequence noise to humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in Hawaii. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 521-535. (10, 14)
  • Frankel, A.S. and Clark, C.W. 2000. Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to full-scale ATOC signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108(4): 1930-1937. (11, 15)
  • Frankel, A.S. and Clark, C.W. 2002. ATOC and other factors affecting the distribution and abundance of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off the north shore of Kauai. Marine Mammal Science 18(3): 644-662. (12, 16)
  • Fristrup, K.M., Hatch, L.T. and Clark, C.W. 2003. Variation in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song length in relation to low-frequency sound broadcasts. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113(6): 3411-3424. (7, 8)
  • Gard, R. 1974. Aerial census of gray whales in Baja California lagoons, 1970 and 1973, with notes on behavior, mortality and conservation. California Fish and Game 60(3): 132-143. (20)
  • Ljungblad, D.K., Würsig, B., Swartz, S.L. and Keene, J.M. 1988. Observations on the behavioral responses of bowhead whales to active geophysical vessels in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Arctic 41: 183-194. (9)
  • Miller, P.J.O., Biassoni, N., Samuels, A. and Tyack, P.L. 2000. Whale songs lengthen in response to sonar. Nature 405(22 June 2000): 903. (5, 6)
  • Mobley, J. R., Jr. 2005. Assessing responses of humpback whales to NPAL transmissions: Results of 2001-2003 aerial surveys north of Kauai. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117: 1666-1673. (13)
  • Moulton, V. D., Richardson, W. J., Elliott, R. E., McDonald, T. L., Nations, C. and Williams, M. T. 2005. Effects of an offshore oil development on local abundance and distribution of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Marine Mammal Science 21(2): 217-242. (2)
  • Moulton, V.D., Richardson, W.J. and Williams, M.T. 2003. Ringed seal densities and noise near an icebound artificial island with construction and drilling. Acoustics Research Letters Online 4(4):112-117. (1)
  • National Research Council. 2003. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. (4)
  • Provancha, J.A. and Provancha, M.J. 1988. Long-term trends in abundance and distribution of manatees in the northern Banana River, Brevard County, FL. Marine Mammal Science 4: 323-338. (19)